Cervical cancer: diagnosis, treatment and prevention

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers among women globally, ranking fourth in prevalence. In 2020, approximately 604,000 new cases and 342,000 deaths were reported. Rates of incidence and mortality are significantly higher in low- and middle-income countries due to limited access to vaccination and preventive screening.

Causes of Cervical Cancer:

1. HPV Infection: Persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) is a primary cause of cervical cancer.

2. HIV Coinfection: Women with HIV face a sixfold higher risk of cervical cancer.

3. Lack of Prevention and Early Detection: Limited access to vaccines and regular screening contributes to late-stage diagnoses.

4. Socioeconomic Factors: Disparities in social and economic conditions impact infection rates.

Symptoms of Cervical Cancer:

1. Unusual Bleeding: Between menstrual cycles, after menopause, or post-intercourse.

2. Abnormal Discharge: Changes in color, odor, or increased amount.

3. Pelvic Pain or Pressure: Indicative of the presence of a tumor.

4. Pain During Intercourse: Signals changes in the cervix.

How to Detect Cervical Cancer:

1. Regular Cervical Exams: Utilizing Pap tests to identify cell abnormalities before cancer develops.

2. HPV Testing: Determines the presence of the human papillomavirus.

3. Colposcopy: A detailed examination to identify cervical changes.

4. MRI or Ultrasound: Used to evaluate tumor spread.

Prevention and Vaccination:

1. HPV Vaccine: Immunization against HPV is a crucial preventive measure, recommended for girls aged 9-14 before sexual activity.

2. Vaccination for Boys: Additional immunization to reduce HPV prevalence in the community.

Treatment of Lesions and Advanced Stages:

1. Early Lesion Treatment: Involves procedures like cryotherapy and thermal ablation to remove abnormal cells.

2. Surgical Procedures: Advanced cases may require partial or complete removal of the cervix.

3. Radiation and Chemotherapy: Used in advanced cancer to destroy cancerous cells.

Ensuring regular HPV vaccination and screenings play a pivotal role in preventing cervical cancer. Early diagnosis allows for effective and straightforward treatment, enhancing recovery prospects.